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Scientists Discover Way to Send Information into Black Holes Without Using Energy

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Scientists Discover Way to Send Information into Black Holes Without Using Energy

For years, scientists believed that adding even one qubit (a unit of quantum information) to a black hole needed energy. This was based on the idea that a black hole’s entropy must increase with more information, which means it must gain energy. But a new study by Jonah Kudler-Flam and Geoff Penington changes that thinking. They found that quantum information can be teleported into a black hole without adding energy or increasing entropy . This works through a process called black hole decoherence , where “soft” radiation — very low-energy signals — carry information into the black hole. In their method, the qubit enters the black hole while a new pair of entangled particles (like Hawking radiation) is created. This keeps the total information balanced, so there's no violation of the laws of physics. The energy cost only shows up when information is erased from the outside — these are called zerobits . According to Landauer’s principle, erasing information always needs energy. But ...

How Planetary Movements Might Explain Sunspot Cycles and Solar Phenomena

Sunspots, dark patches on the Sun's surface, follow a cycle of increasing and decreasing activity every 11 years. For years, scientists have relied on the dynamo model to explain this cycle. According to this model, the Sun's magnetic field is generated by the movement of plasma and the Sun's rotation. However, this model does not fully explain why the sunspot cycle is sometimes unpredictable. Lauri Jetsu, a researcher, has proposed a new approach. Jetsu’s analysis, using a method called the Discrete Chi-square Method (DCM), suggests that planetary movements, especially those of Earth, Jupiter, and Mercury, play a key role in driving the sunspot cycle. His theory focuses on Flux Transfer Events (FTEs), where the magnetic fields of these planets interact with the Sun’s magnetic field. These interactions could create the sunspots and explain other solar phenomena like the Sun’s magnetic polarity reversing every 11 years. The Sun, our closest star, has been a subject of scient...

Could Primordial Black Holes Have Formed from Aborted Phase Transitions?

Ai and colleagues propose a new way that primordial black holes (PBHs) could form in the early universe, using a mechanism that involves an "aborted phase transition." This takes place during the reheating phase after inflation, a period when the universe's temperature rises and then falls. During reheating, the universe is filled with a pressureless fluid called a reheaton. As the temperature rises to a maximum (Tmax), it surpasses the critical temperature needed for a phase transition, but not enough for bubbles to fully form and expand. These bubbles, which briefly nucleate as the temperature reaches Tmax, expand and then shrink as the temperature falls back below the critical level. When the bubbles shrink, they leave behind dense regions. These regions collect surrounding matter and eventually collapse into primordial black holes. The PBHs formed this way continue to grow in mass until the universe transitions into radiation domination. Primordial black holes (PBHs) ...