Uncover reality

Humanoid robots are becoming increasingly capable of walking, running and performing complex movements. But making a robot behave intelligently in a fast-changing environment is a much harder challenge. Soccer provides an ideal test because it requires a robot to see, think and move almost at the same time. A recent study by Wang and his team presents a new reinforcement learning (RL) system that allows humanoid robots to play soccer using only onboard vision. Instead of separating vision, decision-making and movement into different systems, the researchers developed a unified controller that connects perception directly with locomotion. The result is a robot capable of searching for a ball, chasing it and kicking it in different directions while continuously adapting its movements to imperfect visual information. Why Soccer Is So Difficult for Humanoid Robots For humans, playing soccer can look effortless. A player watches the ball, predicts where it will move, adjusts their body pos...

A drone can fly into places that are difficult or dangerous for humans to reach. It can inspect buildings, monitor forests, support search-and-rescue operations, and collect environmental data. But there is one major weakness: drones cannot stay in the air forever . Most micro aerial vehicles (MAVs) can fly for only tens of minutes and cover a limited distance before their batteries need to be recharged. This makes long-term missions difficult. Now, researchers Bredenbeck, Jadoenathmisier and Hamaza have explored a different solution: instead of continuously flying, a drone could land on a structure, attach itself, switch to a low-power state and wait. The remarkable part is that this drone does not depend entirely on cameras to find the perfect landing position. Instead, it uses something much more familiar to living creatures— touch . The Problem With Conventional Drone Perching Perching is inspired by birds and other animals that attach themselves to branches or surfaces and rest wh...

For most people, losing a permanent tooth means relying on a filling, crown, bridge, denture or dental implant. But Japanese researchers are exploring a very different possibility: making the human body grow new teeth naturally . Toregem BioPharma, a biotechnology company spun out of Kyoto University, is developing an experimental antibody drug called TRG035 . The treatment is designed to remove a biological barrier that normally prevents certain tooth-development pathways from becoming active. The company has recently raised US$5.3 million to support its next clinical study, bringing its total funding, including grants and subsidies, to more than US$29 million . The next major step is a Phase II clinical trial involving people with severe congenital hypodontia , a condition in which a person is born without several permanent teeth. The Science Behind Tooth Regeneration Unlike many animals, humans normally develop two generations of teeth: baby teeth and permanent adult teeth. Howeve...

After a long day, most of us experience the same feeling: our eyes become heavy, concentration drops, and staying awake becomes increasingly difficult. If we continue without sleeping, the urge to rest becomes even stronger. But why does this happen? Scientists at the University of Basel in Switzerland have discovered specific groups of neurons in the brains of mice that appear to play a crucial role in creating this growing sleep drive . Their findings, published in Nature , offer new insight into one of the most basic questions in biology: how does the brain know when it is time to sleep? The Mystery Behind Sleep Pressure Sleep is essential for the brain and body. It helps restore normal brain function, supports memory and learning, and allows the body to recover from the demands of wakefulness. One important feature of sleep is what scientists call sleep pressure or sleep drive . The longer we remain awake, the stronger our need for sleep becomes. After staying awake for an unusual...

For decades, scientists have believed that Earth’s magnetosphere provides a powerful protective shield against the most extreme activity from the Sun. This invisible magnetic barrier helps deflect and redirect much of the charged material constantly streaming from the Sun toward our planet. But a new study published in Nature suggests that one important part of this picture may need to be reconsidered. Scientists may have been underestimating how strongly Earth’s magnetic environment responds to extreme solar storms. What appeared to be a natural “limit” in the magnetosphere’s response could actually be the result of a statistical problem called regression to the mean . If this interpretation is correct, an exceptionally powerful solar storm could produce much stronger effects on Earth than previous models have suggested. How the Sun and Earth Are Connected The Sun is constantly releasing a stream of charged particles known as the solar wind . Under normal conditions, Earth’s magnetos...

For decades, scientists have faced a major mystery in astronomy. Galaxies contain stars, gas and dust that we can see, but these visible materials do not seem to provide enough gravity to explain how galaxies move. Stars in the outer parts of galaxies often move much faster than expected. If only visible matter were present, many galaxies should not remain stable. Something appears to provide additional gravity. Scientists usually explain this missing gravity using dark matter —an invisible form of matter that does not interact strongly with light but appears to affect ordinary matter through gravity. However, observations have revealed another surprising clue. The amount of visible matter in a galaxy appears to be closely connected to the way the galaxy moves. This relationship is called the Radial Acceleration Relation , or RAR . A new theoretical approach called Modified General Relativity (MGR) proposes that this relationship may have a deeper explanation involving the geometry of...

Scientists have developed a new theoretical model that could help us understand what happens when dark matter becomes concentrated inside an extremely dense star. Dark matter is one of the biggest mysteries in modern physics. We cannot see it directly because it does not interact with light in the same way as ordinary matter. However, scientists know that it has gravity and plays an important role in the structure of galaxies and the Universe. A new study by Estrada and Bergliaffa explores an interesting possibility: what if dark matter becomes trapped inside a compact star? To investigate this question, the researchers created a mathematical model of a star containing two different types of matter. One is ordinary matter, while the other is a second component that can be interpreted as dark matter. The model is designed to be simple enough that scientists can calculate its properties directly. A Star With Two Different Components Most simple models of stars assume that the entire star...