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Scientists Discover Way to Send Information into Black Holes Without Using Energy

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New Study Suggests Dark Matter and Gravitational Waves Were Born Together

What happened in the first tiny fraction of a second after the Big Bang? This is one of the biggest questions in modern science. During that time, the universe expanded incredibly fast in an event called cosmic inflation. Scientists believe this rapid expansion created tiny ripples in space that later grew into galaxies, stars, and planets.

Now, a new study by Khan and his team suggests that these tiny ripples may have left behind two important clues that still exist today. One is a special type of dark matter, and the other is a unique background of gravitational waves.

The exciting part is that both of these signals may have come from the same event during inflation. If future experiments detect them, scientists could learn more about how the universe looked just after the Big Bang.

The Universe Still Has Hidden Secrets

Scientists have learned a lot about the early universe by studying the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). This ancient light was released about 380,000 years after the Big Bang and tells us about the large-scale structure of the universe.

However, the CMB cannot show everything.

There are much smaller cosmic scales that have never been directly observed. These tiny scales may contain important information about the final moments of inflation, when the universe was expanding extremely quickly.

The new research focuses on these hidden scales.

The researchers believe that during inflation, there may have been a small bump in the strength of the tiny ripples in space. Although this bump was too small to affect today's CMB observations, it could have produced two important cosmic signals.

A New Way to Create Dark Matter

Dark matter is one of the greatest mysteries in astronomy.

Although it cannot be seen, scientists know it exists because its gravity affects galaxies and galaxy clusters. In fact, dark matter makes up about 85% of all matter in the universe.

But no one knows what dark matter is made of.

The new study suggests that dark matter may consist of extremely heavy particles called conformal fermions.

Unlike ordinary particles, these particles would not have formed through collisions in the hot early universe. Instead, they would have been created naturally by the changing gravitational field during inflation.

In simple words, the powerful gravity of the early universe itself could have produced dark matter.

The researchers found that the amount of dark matter created depends on the shape and strength of the tiny inflationary bump.

Since scientists already know how much dark matter exists today, they can use that information to estimate how large this bump must have been.

The Same Ripples Also Create Gravitational Waves

The same tiny ripples that created dark matter would also produce another signal—gravitational waves.

Gravitational waves are tiny ripples in space-time predicted by Albert Einstein.

LIGO has already detected gravitational waves from colliding black holes and neutron stars.

However, the waves predicted in this study are completely different.

Instead of coming from violent cosmic events, these gravitational waves would have been produced naturally in the early universe when the amplified density fluctuations interacted with each other.

Scientists call these scalar-induced gravitational waves.

These waves would still be traveling through space today, carrying information from the universe's earliest moments.

A Strong Connection Between Two Cosmic Mysteries

The most interesting part of the research is that dark matter and gravitational waves are directly connected.

Usually, scientists can adjust the strength of the early-universe fluctuations when making predictions about gravitational waves. This means many different models can produce similar results.

The new study removes this uncertainty.

Because today's dark matter abundance is already known, it automatically fixes the strength of the early-universe fluctuations.

This means the predicted gravitational-wave signal is no longer a free guess.

Instead, it depends only on a few measurable properties, including:

  • The mass of the dark matter particle

  • The frequency of the gravitational waves

  • The width of the inflationary bump

  • The exact shape of the primordial fluctuations

This makes the theory much easier to test.

The Signal Should Appear at Very High Frequencies

According to the researchers, the gravitational waves should have a peak frequency of about 2.6 megahertz (MHz).

This is much higher than the frequencies detected by observatories such as LIGO or Virgo.

Current gravitational-wave detectors are designed to detect waves with frequencies of only a few hundred hertz.

The predicted signal is millions of times higher.

Because of this, scientists will need a completely new generation of high-frequency gravitational-wave detectors.

Several research groups around the world are already developing technologies that could search for these extremely high-frequency signals in the future.

The Theory Can Be Tested

One of the biggest strengths of the study is that its predictions are very specific.

If future detectors do not find the predicted MHz gravitational waves, scientists can conclude that the dark matter particles must be heavier than the model predicts.

On the other hand, if the signal is detected, scientists can use its frequency and strength to estimate the mass of the dark matter particle.

Even more importantly, several independent measurements must all agree with each other.

The following observations should match perfectly if the theory is correct:

  • The amount of dark matter in the universe

  • The strength of the gravitational-wave signal

  • The frequency of the signal

  • The width of the signal

  • The shape of the original inflationary bump

If any one of these measurements disagrees, the theory would likely be ruled out.

This makes the model much stronger than many earlier ideas.

No Need for Primordial Black Holes

Many previous theories suggested that enhanced ripples in the early universe would create large numbers of primordial black holes.

These are hypothetical black holes that may have formed shortly after the Big Bang.

However, scientists have not found enough evidence for such black holes, making many earlier models difficult to support.

The new study avoids this problem.

The researchers showed that the inflationary bump is not strong enough to produce a significant number of primordial black holes.

This means the theory remains consistent with current observations while still producing both dark matter and gravitational waves.

A New Way to Study the Early Universe

This research offers a completely new way to study the universe's first moments.

Instead of looking only for primordial black holes, scientists can search for a combination of dark matter and high-frequency gravitational waves.

If both signals are observed and match the predictions, they would provide strong evidence that they came from the same tiny feature created during inflation.

Such a discovery would help scientists understand not only the origin of dark matter but also what happened during the first fraction of a second after the Big Bang.

Although the predicted gravitational waves have not yet been detected, future high-frequency gravitational-wave experiments may finally make this possible.

If they succeed, they could reveal one of the earliest chapters in the history of the universe and bring us closer to solving two of the greatest mysteries in modern physics—the nature of dark matter and the true story of cosmic inflation.

Reference: Imtiaz Khan, Niamat Ullah, Salvatore Capozziello, G. Mustafa, Farruh Atamurotov, "Conformal dark matter and MHz gravitational waves", Arxiv, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2607.10607

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