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Scientists Discover Way to Send Information into Black Holes Without Using Energy

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Scientists Found Objects That Shouldn’t Exist—Unless Extra Dimensions Are Real

Modern physics suggests that the universe may be far stranger than what we see around us. According to some advanced theories, our familiar world of three dimensions of space and one of time might be only a small part of a much larger reality. Recent research by Alencar and collaborators explores this idea by studying black strings, wormholes, and exotic matter in a universe with extra dimensions. 

The Idea of Extra Dimensions

In everyday life, we experience only four dimensions. However, some theories of gravity suggest that there could be extra dimensions that we cannot directly see. One of the most famous models describing this idea is the Randall–Sundrum (RS) braneworld model.

In this model, our universe is like a thin surface called a brane. Everything we know—planets, stars, people, light, and atoms—lives on this brane. Surrounding it is a larger space called the bulk, which contains extra dimensions. Gravity is special because it can travel into the bulk, while other forces remain trapped on the brane.

This idea helps scientists think about big unsolved problems, such as why gravity is so weak compared to other forces.

Why Matter Localization Is Important

If matter lives on the brane, physicists must explain why it stays there. This problem is called matter localization. Early studies only checked whether matter fields were mathematically well-behaved. But later research showed this is not enough.

To fix this, scientists developed a set of strict rules called Local Sum Rules (LSR). These rules make sure that matter fields:

  • Behave correctly near the brane

  • Do not create hidden inconsistencies

  • Lead to a meaningful four-dimensional universe

Only matter fields that pass these rules are considered physically acceptable.

Compact Objects in Normal Space

In ordinary four-dimensional space, Einstein’s theory of general relativity predicts many strange objects, such as:

  • Black holes

  • Wormholes

  • Regular (non-singular) black holes

  • Black bounces

These objects are supported by different kinds of matter, like scalar fields or electromagnetic fields. But when scientists try to place these objects into a braneworld with extra dimensions, many of them stop working. The extra dimension adds new restrictions.

So the big question becomes:
Which compact objects can exist in a braneworld, and what kind of matter can support them?

The First Black String

The first major answer came from Chamblin and collaborators. They took a normal black hole and extended it into the extra dimension. The result was called a black string.

Instead of being a round object, the black hole’s horizon stretches like a string along the extra dimension. This solution was very important, but it had a serious problem. Far away in the bulk, the spacetime becomes badly behaved, creating a dangerous singularity.

Even so, the black string became a starting point for many future studies.

Wormholes on the Brane

Alencar and his team went further. They asked whether wormholes, which are tunnels connecting different regions of space, could exist in a braneworld while still obeying the Local Sum Rules.

They found that the Ellis–Bronnikov wormhole can indeed exist on the brane. It is supported by a special scalar field. When this field is properly localized and checked with the LSR, everything remains consistent.

On the brane, the wormhole looks exactly like the well-known four-dimensional version. This is an exciting result because it shows that braneworlds can support:

  • Objects without singularities

  • Objects without event horizons

  • Smooth connections to known physics

Nonlinear Electromagnetic Fields

Next, the researchers studied nonlinear electrodynamics (NED). This is a modified form of electromagnetism where the field behaves differently when it becomes very strong.

Using the Local Sum Rules, they discovered something surprising:
Only one specific type of nonlinear electromagnetic theory can be localized on the brane consistently. Its mathematical form is simple but unusual.

With this theory, they found two new black string solutions.

Two New Black String Solutions

1. Purely Magnetic Black String

In this case, only magnetic fields are present. On the brane, the solution becomes the Letelier string cloud, a known four-dimensional matter configuration. This shows a clear link between higher-dimensional physics and familiar solutions.

2. Dyonic Black String

This solution includes both electric and magnetic charges. It is a natural extension of earlier models and closely matches what is known as the Letelier–Alencar construction.

An important result is that purely electric black strings are not allowed in this theory. This is not a choice—it comes directly from the equations and the Local Sum Rules.

Smooth Connection to Known Physics

A strong sign that these solutions are physically meaningful is what happens in a special limit. When the nonlinear effects are turned off, both new black string solutions smoothly become the original Chamblin black string.

This means the new models are not strange exceptions. They are natural extensions of already known solutions.

Why This Research Matters

This work teaches us several important lessons:

  1. Local Sum Rules are powerful
    They clearly tell us which matter fields are allowed in braneworlds.

  2. Exotic objects can exist
    Wormholes and string clouds can survive in extra-dimensional universes.

  3. Extra dimensions connect to known physics
    Higher-dimensional solutions can reduce to familiar four-dimensional objects.

The Road Ahead

There is still much to explore. Future studies may look at:

  • More than one extra dimension

  • Stability and temperature of black strings

  • Rotating or charged wormholes

  • Links with holography and quantum gravity

In simple terms, this research brings us closer to understanding how extra dimensions—if they exist—could shape the most extreme objects in the universe. It shows that even the strangest ideas can be studied carefully, logically, and consistently within the laws of physics.

Reference: G. Alencar, T. M. Crispim, Francisco S. N. Lobo, "Embedding Wormholes and Dyonic Black Strings in Warped Braneworlds via Local Sum Rules", Arxiv, 2026. https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.16969


Technical Terms 

1. Extra Dimensions

Extra dimensions are directions of space beyond the three we can see (length, width, height).
Just like a tightrope looks one-dimensional to an ant on it, extra dimensions may exist but be hidden or very small, so we don’t notice them in daily life.

2. Braneworld

A braneworld is a theory where our entire universe is like a thin sheet floating in a bigger space.
This sheet is called a brane, and the bigger space around it is called the bulk.

Everything we know—people, stars, atoms—lives on the brane.

3. Brane

A brane is the surface that represents our universe.
It has:

  • 3 dimensions of space

  • 1 dimension of time

Matter and light are stuck on the brane and cannot move into extra dimensions.

4. Bulk

The bulk is the higher-dimensional space surrounding the brane.
Only gravity can move freely in the bulk, which may explain why gravity is weaker than other forces.

5. Randall–Sundrum (RS) Model

The RS model is a famous braneworld theory.
It says:

  • Our universe is a brane

  • Extra dimensions exist

  • Space is warped, meaning gravity changes strength across the extra dimension

This helps explain big mysteries like why gravity is weak.

6. Warped Spacetime

Warped spacetime means space and time are curved differently in different places.
In the RS model, the extra dimension is warped so gravity becomes strong near the brane and weak far away.

Think of it like a stretched rubber sheet.

7. Matter Localization

Matter localization explains why matter stays on the brane instead of drifting into extra dimensions.

If matter were not localized:

  • Atoms would fall apart

  • Physics would not work

So localization is essential for a stable universe.

8. Local Sum Rules (LSR)

Local Sum Rules are strict consistency checks.

They make sure that:

  • Matter fields behave correctly

  • Energy remains finite

  • The laws of physics stay valid on the brane

Only matter fields that pass LSR are allowed.

9. Compact Objects

Compact objects are extremely dense objects created by gravity, such as:

  • Black holes

  • Wormholes

  • Exotic stars

They strongly bend spacetime.

10. Black Hole

A black hole is a region where gravity is so strong that not even light can escape.
It has:

  • An event horizon (point of no return)

  • A very dense center

11. Black String

A black string is a black hole stretched into an extra dimension.

Instead of a round object, it looks like a long tube or string in higher-dimensional space.

12. Event Horizon

The event horizon is the boundary of a black hole.
Once something crosses it, escape is impossible.

13. Singularity

A singularity is a point where:

  • Density becomes infinite

  • Known laws of physics break down

Many theories try to avoid singularities.

14. Wormhole

A wormhole is a tunnel in spacetime that connects two distant regions of space (or even different universes).

Travel through a wormhole would be like taking a shortcut through space.

15. Ellis–Bronnikov Wormhole

This is a special type of wormhole that:

  • Has no event horizon

  • Has no singularity

  • Is supported by a special scalar field

It is smooth and mathematically well-behaved.

16. Scalar Field

A scalar field assigns a number to every point in space (like temperature on a weather map).

In gravity theories, scalar fields can:

  • Support wormholes

  • Modify spacetime geometry

17. Phantom Field

A phantom field is an unusual scalar field with negative energy.

It sounds strange, but it can keep wormholes open without collapsing.

18. Electromagnetic Field

An electromagnetic field produces electric and magnetic forces.

Normal electromagnetism follows simple linear rules.

19. Nonlinear Electrodynamics (NED)

In nonlinear electrodynamics, the field behaves differently when it becomes very strong.

This helps:

  • Avoid infinite energies

  • Create regular black holes

  • Support exotic spacetime structures

20. Magnetic Configuration

A magnetic configuration means only magnetic fields are present—no electric charge.

21. Electric Configuration

An electric configuration involves only electric charge.

In this research, purely electric solutions are not allowed by the rules.

22. Dyonic Configuration

A dyonic configuration contains both electric and magnetic charges at the same time.

23. Letelier String Cloud

A string cloud is a model where matter behaves like many tiny strings spread through space.

It is used to describe certain gravitational solutions.

24. Limit β → 0

This means slowly turning off nonlinear effects.

When β becomes zero:

  • The new solutions reduce to old, known solutions

  • This shows the theory is consistent

25. Higher-Dimensional Gravity

This is the study of gravity in more than four dimensions.

It helps scientists:

  • Connect gravity with quantum theory

  • Explore new cosmic possibilities

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